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Wordlist

C1
Term Definition Example
advocacy advocacy
public support for an idea, plan, or way of doing things Her advocacy for human rights has been recognized globally.
bureaucracy bureaucracy
a system for controlling or managing a country or company that is operated by a large number of officials following fixed rules People often complain about the excessive bureaucracy involved in getting a permit.
civilian civilian
a person who is not a member of the police or the armed forces The conflict has resulted in many civilian casualties.
coalition coalition
a government formed by two or more political parties working together The two parties formed a coalition government after the election produced no clear winner.
constitution constitution
the set of political principles by which a state or organization is governed The right to protest is protected by the country's constitution.
culture culture
the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time It is important to understand the local culture when travelling to another country.
democracy democracy
a system of government in which all the people of a country can vote to elect their representatives Freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democracy.
diplomacy diplomacy
the management of relationships between countries, often by a country's representatives abroad The conflict was resolved through careful diplomacy rather than force.
economy economy
the system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country is made and used The global economy is facing significant challenges.
election election
the process of choosing a person or a group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting The country will hold a general election next year.
geopolitics geopolitics
the study of the way a country's size, position, etc. influence its power and its relationships with other countries He is an expert in the geopolitics of the Middle East.
government government
the group of people who officially control a country The government has announced new economic policies.
ideological ideological
based on or relating to a particular set of ideas or beliefs The two candidates have fundamental ideological differences.
ideology ideology
a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party, or organization is based The two main political parties have very different ideologies.
inequality inequality
a situation in which some people have much more money and opportunity than others The gap between rich and poor is a sign of growing social inequality.
infrastructure infrastructure
the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organization uses The country needs to invest heavily in its aging infrastructure.
justice justice
fairness in the way people are dealt with; the system of laws in a country They are fighting for social justice and equality for all citizens.
legislation legislation
a law or a set of laws that is being created The government is planning to introduce new legislation on data privacy.
lobby lobby
to try to persuade a politician or official group to do something They are lobbying the government to change the law on recycling.
partisan partisan
strongly supporting a person, principle, or political party, often without considering the matter carefully The debate became very partisan, with each side refusing to listen to the other.
policy policy
a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group or government The new environmental policy aims to reduce carbon emissions.
referendum referendum
an occasion when all the people of a country can vote on a single important question A referendum was held to decide if the country should join the union.
reform reform
to improve an organization or system by making a lot of changes to it There are calls for a major reform of the education system.
rights rights
the legal or moral entitlements a person has The new law protects the fundamental rights of every citizen.
sanction sanction
an official order, such as a ban on trade or communication with a country, taken as a way to influence its policies The United Nations imposed economic sanctions on the regime.
society society
a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things Technology has had a profound impact on modern society.
sovereignty sovereignty
the power of a country to control its own government and affairs The debate was about whether the new treaty would threaten national sovereignty.
stability stability
a situation in which something is not likely to move or change The main goal of the new government is to bring political stability to the region.